From a8f8c5df230b5152fd707c854b776460a3a44d6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E8=B7=AF=E4=BB=8E=E4=BB=8A=E5=A4=9C=E7=99=BD?=
 <1174273035@qq.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2026 13:30:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 1/2] Keep star format arguments distinct from decimal
 conversions

---
 babel/messages/checkers.py | 7 ++++++-
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/babel/messages/checkers.py b/babel/messages/checkers.py
index 50db2341d..feeb0e1e6 100644
--- a/babel/messages/checkers.py
+++ b/babel/messages/checkers.py
@@ -100,13 +100,18 @@ def _parse(string: str) -> list[tuple[str, str]]:
                 continue
             if name is None:
                 # A star width or precision consumes an integer argument first.
-                result.extend((None, 'd') for _ in range(format.count('*')))
+                result.extend((None, '*') for _ in range(format.count('*')))
             result.append((name, str(typechar)))
         return result
 
     def _compatible(a: str, b: str) -> bool:
         if a == b:
             return True
+        # Stars require integers, while decimal conversions also accept floats.
+        # An integer width/precision can therefore become a decimal conversion,
+        # but the reverse is not safe for all arguments accepted by the source.
+        if a == '*' and b in {'d', 'i', 'u'}:
+            return True
         for set in _string_format_compatibilities:
             if a in set and b in set:
                 return True

From ea788b0fb164b7e8e02807347b42e4fea859c4c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E8=B7=AF=E4=BB=8E=E4=BB=8A=E5=A4=9C=E7=99=BD?=
 <1174273035@qq.com>
Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2026 13:32:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 2/2] Test directional star and decimal argument compatibility

---
 tests/messages/test_checkers.py | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 40 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tests/messages/test_checkers.py b/tests/messages/test_checkers.py
index 5b26a4988..05fb3c6dc 100644
--- a/tests/messages/test_checkers.py
+++ b/tests/messages/test_checkers.py
@@ -411,9 +411,47 @@ def test_python_format_star_arguments_valid(msgid, msgstr, arguments):
     python_format(None, Message(msgid, msgstr))
 
 
-def test_python_format_star_plural_catalog_check():
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('conversion', ['d', 'i', 'u'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('target', ['%*s', '%.*s'])
+def test_python_format_decimal_cannot_become_star(conversion, target):
+    source = '%' + conversion + '%s'
+    arguments = (3.5, 'word')
+    assert isinstance(source % arguments, str)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r'\* wants int'):
+        target % arguments
+    with pytest.raises(TranslationError):
+        python_format(None, Message(source, target))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('conversion', ['d', 'i', 'u'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('source', ['%*s', '%.*s'])
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('width', [-3, 3, True])
+def test_python_format_star_can_become_decimal(conversion, source, width):
+    target = '%' + conversion + '%s'
+    arguments = (width, 'word')
+    assert isinstance(source % arguments, str)
+    assert isinstance(target % arguments, str)
+    python_format(None, Message(source, target))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize('source', ['%d%.*s', '%*d%s'])
+def test_python_format_decimal_cannot_become_second_star(source):
+    arguments = (3.5, 2, 'word') if source == '%d%.*s' else (3, 2.5, 'word')
+    target = '%*.*s'
+    assert isinstance(source % arguments, str)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError, match=r'\* wants int'):
+        target % arguments
+    with pytest.raises(TranslationError):
+        python_format(None, Message(source, target))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ('source', 'translation'),
+    [('%*s', '%s'), ('%d%s', '%*s'), ('%d%s', '%.*s')],
+)
+def test_python_format_star_plural_catalog_check(source, translation):
     catalog = Catalog(locale='en')
-    message = catalog.add(('%*s', '%*s'), ('%*s', '%s'))
+    message = catalog.add((source, source), (source, translation))
     errors = list(catalog.check())
     assert len(errors) == 1
     assert errors[0][0] is message